As frequency increases, particularly into the millimeter-wave bands, the reactance to ground of a DC short circuit such as a via hole becomes unacceptable. For example, a 0.1-nH via hole has 22 ohms ...

In electronic circuit design, DC short circuits frequently are used to provide a direct path to ground for currents flowing on transmission lines and other components. A transmission line terminated ...

We can see how circuits work, and represent them with some simple diagrams, using basic electrical components like these. You start with a cell, or combination of cells. These could be batteries ...