primary areas: Certain cranial nerves in the cranium, namely the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves (CN III, CN VII, CN IX and CN X) usually arise from specific ...

Originally perceived as postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, the ENS earned recognition for its autonomy ... and the submucous plexus (Meissner's), two main plexuses formed by the grouping of nerve ...

The autonomic nervous system orchestrates the functions of internal organs such as the heart and gut, serving as a connection ...

This month's cover highlights the article A novel bacterial effector protein mediates ER-LD membrane contacts to regulate host lipid droplets by Stacey D. Gilk, Rajendra Angara and Arif Sadi. The ...

Purpose: The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, and formulary considerations of tiotropium are discussed. Conclusion ...

Nitric oxide is endogenously released in the airways by nitric oxide synthase. Functionally, two isoforms of this enzyme exist: constitutive and inducible. The former seems to protect airways from ...

In this important study, Li et al. identify estrogen receptor 1-expressing neurons (ESR1+) in Barrington's nucleus as key regulators coordinating both bladder contraction and the relaxation of the ...

The autonomic nervous system orchestrates the functions of internal organ such as the heart and gut, serving as a connection between the brain and the ...

[13] nAChRs as Regulators of Inflammation and Cellular Function. The parasympathetic nervous system, primarily the vagus nerve, has been called the 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway'.