PVD techniques, such as sputtering and thermal evaporation, involve the physical vaporization of a target material and its subsequent condensation onto a substrate to form a thin film. PVD methods ...

Cathodes are widely used in batteries, electrolysis systems, plating, electrochemical devices, fuel cells, electrowinning, electron emission, physical vapor depostion (PVD), sputtering, and other ...

Sputter coaters for SEM or TEM preparation would fall into this category. There are several technology choices available for thin film equipment. These include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ...