Diagnostic flexible cystoscopy is a routine procedure performed in outpatient clinics and hospitals under local anesthetic: at least 220,000 took place in 2004–2005. Significant bacteriuria ...

Cystoscopy is the reference standard for bladder cancer detection, and is also used to monitor patients with a history of the disease. The procedure is, however, invasive, and some patients find ...

When John noticed blood in his urine, he consulted his doctor and was quickly referred to a urologist. (John is a composite character, based on the experiences of real-life patients.) John was ...